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Geistes-, sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlicher Anzeiger
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Geistes-, sozial- und kulturwissenschaftlicher Anzeiger, 160. Jahrgang 2025, pp. 134-160, 2025/11/25
The text follows the French line of sociological thought on nature–culture and nature–soci-ety, which is likewise the line of thought of French cultural and social anthropology. Three stages are discussed: the work of Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss (around 1900), that of Claude Lévi-Strauss (in the 1950s and 1960s), and that of Philippe Descola (as well as Bru-no Latour) in the 1990s and 2000s. Each of these authors refers to the same non-European societies and to the respective earlier works. In following these works, successive transfor-mations of French sociological thought emerge. While Durkheim and Mauss understood the orders of nature as symbolic projections of the social order, Lévi-Strauss suggested thinking of the (totemic) classification of nature first and foremost as the symbolic means by which the social order is constituted. With Descola, this theoretical concept was developed further into a comparative or symmetrical anthropology: several worldwide concepts of nature and culture (and also of the person, the subject, and of society) were now compared, including those on which the discipline is, or was, based. In other words, the subject of nature–culture reveals the change in French social theory as one that was actually motivated by this pair of concepts. At the same time, the special feature of this French line of social thought becomes visible, which lies in the methodological and theoretical interest in non-European societies or in the inseparability of sociology and social and cultural anthropology.
Keywords: nature–culture; Émile Durkheim; Claude Lévi-Strauss; Philippe Descola