Appendix 1: Detailed Methodology and Model Results
Appendix 2: R Scripts and OxCal Code

The Late Neolithic site of Opovo Ugar-Bajbuk (Serbia), a well-known Vinča settlement, has been re-investigated after 40 years. Earlier investigations in the 1980s offered insights into its architecture, economy, and social life. Recent research (2022–2024) used geomagnetic surveys, drilling, surface finds, and radiocarbon dating to reassess the site. Results revealed 180–220 house structures and five enclosing ditches, indicating a larger settlement with a more elaborate spatial order. Radiocarbon data indicate the site’s core occupation from around 4850 to 4725 BCE, with models hinting at a larger population than previously estimated. Through an analysis of house sizes, ditch volume, and demography, we discuss implications for a potentially egalitarian social structure at Opovo. However, the social or economic factors leading to its abandonment remain uncertain.